The Media Affects On Police - 2002 Words

Media Affects On Police Josh Erwin Georgia Gwinnett College There are multiple issues the criminal justice system faces on a daily basis. One of the most recent issues the system faces is the outlook the public has on police officers. As you could imagine police and public relations are very important due to the fact that the police in all actuality work for the people. The police must preserve the rights of all individuals good and bad and without community relations it fosters mistrust, hostility, and ultimately produces anarchy. Unfortunately, in today’s world a police officer is not allowed to make any mistake and is expected to make the right decision in a split second life and death situation. Society views police officers as a†¦show more content†¦The use of less lethal alternatives are not always an option in all situations, and people who have no experience in law enforcement are sometimes unable understand why this is. The relationship between fear of crime, punitive attitudes, and perceived police effectiveness is discussed in the Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture. The article states the public knowledge of crime and justice is largely derived from the media. This statement could not be more true (Dowler, 2003). Society only knows what it is told and very few people actually do their own research other than watching the nightly local news. People watch movies and TV shows and assume what police do which can cause some major issues. The relationship between coverage of violent crime and a general fear amongst the population is studied as well. The study showed that the crime and violence portrayed on TV is actually much higher than the actual statistical data of crimes committed (Dowler, 2003). The researchers determined that the viewer internalizes the information seen on TV and truly believe that the crime portrayed is real. The effect of local news is shown to be higher for residen ts in high crime areas and those who have actually experienced victimization. The local news tells the viewers daily what is going on and the majority of the episode is violence because that is what brings viewers. If the viewers are watching the news

Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care Free Essays

string(227) " The recovery nurse would also inform me which medications he has had, information regarding IV fluids, how long they should run for and whether more are needed when it finishes and check they are written up on the drug chart\." This paper will critically examine the care needs and management of Mr Braun. An appropriate framework will be used, namely the ABCDE. Alternative treatment will be analysed using the 5 WHs critical decision making too (Jasper, 2006)l. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now His care will be based upon the nursing process ensuring that patient outcomes are agreed, implemented and evaluated. The assessment framework to be used is this assessment is the ABCDE assessment framework. The ABCDE framework looks at Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure/Elimination. The reason for choosing this framework is that it uses a systematic method of assessing, it aids with elimination of post op complications. In addition, it is a commonly accepted framework which is widely used and can be used in critical care situations, pre post-operative care and emergency situations. Furthermore, it allows the nurse to use her skills in accessing the patient’s needs. The disadvantages of the framework are that it is a medical model in the sense that it looks specifically at the biological aspects of care and lumps emotional/psychological/cultural/social care under the exposure/elimination catergory. Therefore it does not promote exploring these issues in great detail (Younker, 2008 Hargan 2012) Cancer Physiology Bowel cancer normally starts in the rectum or sigmoid colon. It starts as adematous polyps and then progresses to adematous carcinomas. It spreads by direct extension via the bowel circumference, submucousa and outer bowel wall layers. It can also spread to other areas by direct extension, for example, to the liver, pancreas and spleen. Metastasis is normally by way of the surround lymphnodes. Primary cancerous cells can also travel into the lymphatic and circulatory system causing secondary cancer in other organs such as liver and pancreas (LeMone Burke, 2003). Mr Braun is undergoing an operation for his sigmoid colon cancer. One route to take would be the traditional method. This consists of open bowel surgery. This entails making a large opening. A bowel prep is given prior to surgery, there is a longer starvation process, which can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Furthermore, it causes stress on the body, insulin resistance in the body is longer and the recovery period is longer. In addition it causes longer paralytic ileus (Siddiqui et al. , 2012). The alternative treatment to the traditional method would be the laparoscopic method. Mr Braun would have a smaller incision, therefore making a quicker recovery. He would be in less pain and would be able to mobilise quicker. He would have a quicker return of GI function and a lesser period of paralytic ileus. He would be able to deep breath better as he would not be experiencing a lot of pain, therefore he would be at less risk of contracting a chest infection. This would all work towards him having an earlier discharge, for example, 3-5 days post op compared to anywhere between 8-12 days on the traditional method. Research has also shown that community rehabilitation is much quicker, 2-3 weeks rather than 6-8 weeks on the traditional method (Jenson 2011). Further research shows that patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery have fewer complications post discharge (Hargan 2012). It appears then the laparoscopic route has better outcomes for the patient and in addition, the NHS. Being able to discharge a patient between 3-5 days who experience fewer complications post operatively not only frees up beds but costs less to treat the patient. Therefore, after weighing up the pros and the cons of both the traditional and the laparscopic it would seem that Mr Braun would be better off having the laparoscopic route. It appears from research that the lapascopic route is the route which is used in almost 90% of colorectal surgery. However, the route that is taken ultimately depends on the surgeon’s choice. Prior to collecting the patient from the recovery room Before collecting Mr Braun from the recovery room I will need to check the bed area. This includes checking that the oxygen is working. I will need to ensure that there is a nasal tube and a venturi mask. I will also need to check the suction is working and ensure that a new tube is present by the bedside. I will also need to make there is a yonker. I will put a dynamap beside the bed which will allow me to take Mr Braun’s clinical observations on return to the ward. I will also ensure that a drip stand is next to the bed as he may be on fluids or have a PCA on his return to the ward (Nicol et al. 2012). Collecting the patient from the recovery room On collecting the patient from recovery, I will take with me a kidney bowel in case the patient needs to be sick on his return journey, a pair of gloves, a oropharyngeal (geudel) airway in case his airway becomes compromised in anyway and a pocket mask for mouth to mouth. My first priority is to ensure that Mr Braun is safe to return to the ward. I will check his level of consciousness using the AVPU tool. This tool looks at whether he is Alert, whether he responds to Voice or whether he only responds to Pain and whether he is Unconscious. I will then take a handover from the recovery nurse. This should include informing me of the procedure Mr Braun has had, how well he has responded to the surgery and his current responsiveness/consciousness level. I would need to check with the recovery nurse whether his vital signs are within the normal range. This is for patient safety which is paramount and is at the centre of nursing care. This would need to be checked against the Early Warning Score (EWS) system which includes level of consciousness, the physiological parameters, for example, temperature, blood pressure, Oxygen saturation (SATS), respiratory rate, pulse and urine output. The EWS gives an overall score which informs me whether or not it is safe to take Mr Braun back to the ward. The recovery nurse would also inform me which medications he has had, information regarding IV fluids, how long they should run for and whether more are needed when it finishes and check they are written up on the drug chart. You read "Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care" in category "Essay examples" In addition, I would need to see the wound bed. This would help with later assessment on the ward where I would be able to compare whether there has been any further bleeding or leakage. I would need to see the stoma site. The recovery nurse would inform me whether Mr Braun had a urinary catheter and whether there had been any urine output. After handover I would say hello to the patient and manually take his pulse so that I can get an indication of his heart rate (Nicol et al. 2012). On the ward On returning to the ward I will orientate the patient. I will inform him of every procedure that I do so that I can gain informed consent (NMC 2012). I will immediately carry out a set of clinical observations. This is so I can make a comparison with his perioperative baseline. Although doing the clinical observations with the dynamap, I will manually take his pulse as it is vital that I know whether it is regular/irregular, strong or weak. ABCDE Assessment Airway The best way to check the airway is to speak to ask the patient and get him to respond to you. If he is able to talk in normally, this will be indicative of his airway being patent. I would need to listen to whether there are any sounds, like barking or gurgling as this could indicate that there is partial obstruction. I would also need to check whether Mr Braun is experiencing any nausea or vomiting. If Mr Braun is experiencing this I would need to immediately administer an anti-emetic as per drug chart instruction. This would help prevent the risk of pulmonary aspiration. I would also need to check whether Mr Braun has any allergies. I would ensure that he is wearing two red wrist bands with the allergies clearly written on them so that other staff members are aware. His allergies would be documented in his nursing notes and on his drug chart with information on what sort of reaction he experiences. Assessing whether Mr Braun has any allergies is extremely important as allergic reactions can cause swelling of the tongue and in the throat which would compromise his airway and leave him with difficulties breathing (Resuscitation Council UK, 2012). Breathing I would now assess breathing by checking Mr Braun’s respiratory rate (RR). The normal range is between 12-20 breaths per minute. In PAC, his RR was slightly raised. This could have been due to anxiety but was more than likely due to his anaemia (this will be looked at further under circulation). I will be able to gain a comparison and start looking for a trend. It is important that the RR is counted for a full minute. His breathing may be irregular and therefore not counting the full minute would give an inaccurate measurement. I would also check Mr Braun’s SATS. The normal range should be 95%. Checking his SATS will inform me whether he is getting enough oxygen and whether his tissues are being perfused adequately. Lack of oxygen can cause hypoxia which if not managed will lead to multiple organ dysfunction and ultimately death. I will also therefor check for cyanosis as this will also inform me whether he is lacking oxygen. It is important to look at how Mr Braun is breathing. For example, is he struggling to breath, is he breathing deeply or is it shallow. Does he have to use his accessory muscles to help him breath. I would check whether his chest is rising equally on both sides. I would also speak as him a question to ascertain whether he is able to speak in full sentences because someone who is struggling to breathe is unable to speak in full sentences. I would look at whether he is breathing fast or slow. Furthermore, I would look at how he is sitting, for example, is he leaning to one side. Also when you are assessing breathing it is important to listen for any wheeze or stridor. RR is one of the first things to alter when a patient is deteriorating. It is vital that if Mr Braun is experiencing any of the above, the nurse responds quickly. The first thing would be to check whether he is written up for any more oxygen and if so to increase it. The nurse would then have to check in RR and SATS again after 15 minutes to ascertain whether there was any improvement or further deterioration even. If the patient was deteriorating further the nurse would need to involve the doctor who would be able to review Mr Braun immediately and give further instructions on his care (Queen Mary University City University, 2006). Circulation An assessment of Mr Braun’s pulse needs to be undertaken. This will allow the nurse to ascertain his heart rate. In addition, it would allow me to feel whether his pulse is strong or weak and whether it is regular or irregular. The normal resting pulse should be between 60-80 beats per minute (bpm). In the PAC, Mr Braun was slightly tachycardic, which could be due to anxiety of his diagnosis, hearing about the treatment he would receive or his prognosis. By taking his pulse it will allow for a baseline, pre-operative and peri-operative comparison. His blood pressure (BP) would also be assessed. The normal ranges are 90/60-140/90. Mr Braun’s BP in PAC was 135/80. Although this is still within the normal range, it is slightly high. However, this would be an appropriate BP given his age. It is vital that clinical observations are carried out every 15 minutes for the first two hours post-op as there is a higher risk of complications occurring and clinical signs are the physiological parameters which tell you whether a patient is deteriorating or improving. For example, if a patient is tachycardic and hypotensive this could be indicative of hypovolaemic shock which would need to be managed immediately as this can lead to potential death. It is vital when taking clinical observations that the nurse is aware that she should not only rely on the measurements. This is because a patient can be in hypovolaemic shock and still have a normal BP. This is because in hypovolaemic shock, the compensatory mechanisms take over and the body will do everything it can to keep the BP at normal level. Therefore, it is vital that the nurse also observes what the patient looks like, for example, does he look palor, he is sweaty or clammy. These are all important factors when carry out clinical observations. When a patient undergoes surgery he has enforced reduced mobility. Mr Braun will be in bed for a while and due to these factors is therefore at risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which is one of the highest cause of PE leading to hospital deaths. The nurse should check whether he still has his TED stockings on and check that they are not rolled down or creased as this may prevent them from achieving good prophylaxis. Furthermore it could compromise his skin integrity. Mr Braun will probably also be prescribed oral or subcutaneous anticoagulants as a further prevention of DVT. Mr Braun’s Hb levels should be checked to ensure that his anaemia is improving. If Mr Braun was assessed in PAC as having met the criteria, which is expected to make a good recovery, for the ERP, his anaemia would have been dealt with prior to him being admitted. He would have been assessed for any co-morbidities and his GP would have been involved to treat his anaemia. If his anaemia had not been treated, prior to his admission, it is likely that Mr Braun would have undergone a blood transfusion during surgery. This would mean that he would have a cannula in situ which would need to be assessed to check for phlebitis. This would need to be documented on the VIP chart (Hargan 2012). The cannula needs to be checked to ascertain whether it is patent. The date of insertion should also be noted on the VIP chart as it is not allowed to stay in for longer than 72 hours. Mr Braun will also have a catheter in situ. Therefore it is important to check for urine output. Mr Braun should have a urine output of 0. 5ml/kg/hr, in other words half his body weight per hour. Therefore if Mr Braun weighs 80kg, he should have a urine output of 40mls per hour. If going through the traditional method, Mr Braun would have to have a low residue diet approx. 2 days prior to the operation. He would only be allowed clear fluids approximately 12-18 hours before surgery and would then be starved from the midnight before the day of surgery to prevent aspiration. Research has shown that prolonged starvation causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. It causes the body to experience insulin resistance for longer and cause the body more stress (Burch Slater 2012). In contrast, he would have been given carbohydrate loading prior to surgery in the form of iso-osmolarity which 90% passes through the stomach within 90 minutes therefore he would have been able to have it one and a half hours prior to surgery. This would cause less insulin resistance and put his body through less stress. He would be able to come off any IV fluids as he would be encourage to eat and drink at will post operatively. How to cite Post Sigmoid Coletomy Care, Essay examples

Cyber security

Question: Discuss about Cyber Security ? Answer : Introduction In the term of information security, social engineering refers to the psychological manipulation of people in divulging the confidential information of them or performance of their actions. It is considered as the art of manipulating people so that they give away their confidential information. In todays era many people become victim of the internet attacks where the attacker does a theft of the victims useful data. This assignment consists the overview of social engineering with the description of social engineering strategies, which are used to engage the targeted victim. It consists a detailed analysis of the environment in which the attack is done on the victim. The strategies, which can be implemented to prevent those attacks, are mentioned. First of all a brief description of social engineering is provided followed by the terms of attack and rescue. Social Engineering The attack is based totally on the interaction of human and it indulges humans in breaking down the security measures. The act of social engineering can also be said as the con game. The techniques involved in the procedure are appeal to vanity, appeal to legal greed and appeal to authority. Social attacks are done effectively only when the victim is willingly helpful to the attacker. The attacker pretends to be a co-worker or a friend of the victim and performs the theft (Krombholz et al. 2015). Social engineering strategies There are many strategies, which the attacker adopts in order to manipulate peoples to get any type of confidential information. The information, which is given by the people willingly to the attacker is used for various illegal purposes. The data which the persons (criminals) doing these attacks are looking for may be different in each and every case. Whenever any person in particular is at target by the Social Engineering Criminals, then these criminals usually try to manipulate them into giving the passwords or the bank account details. The attackers even try to get an access to their computer so that they could install any software, which will thereafter run on the victims computer and store the passwords and the bank account details and also these software gains control over the victims computer (Bulle et al. 2015). There are various processes to do social engineering attacks, some of them are mentioned below : Phishing This is the most common attack process. In this attack, the attacker copies the whole look of your website and sends you a request to login or even give you a password reset form, which contains old password and new password thus the attacker getting your original password, which is what they were looking for (Heartfield and Loukas 2016). Vishing In this process a attacker calls a victim with some pre-recorded clip, simulating that they are calling from his company or from the companys bank. After doing this they will tell the victim to call on a number, and when the victim calls, attacker will ask all the details about the debit or credit card, registered number, pin, first four or last four or even full digits of the victims social security number and all other important details (Greitzer et al. 2014). After enquiring about these things the attacker will tell the victim about some transactions, which would be fake but the victim, will think them as real and the attacker will promise to cancel all the transaction so that the victim has hiss full faith upon the attacker and thereafter the attacker will use the debit or credit card. Botnet It is a group of conciliated computers, which are designated as zombies. They are corrupted by some malware, which gives the attacker an access to have a control over the peoples data (Heartfield and Loukas 2016). The Botnet is mainly used to send fake mails, which are spam in general or even used to transfer any malicious software or any virus and also used in many types of cybercrimes. Tailgating It is also knows as piggybacking. In this type of attack, the attacker dresses up like a delivery person and they wait outside of the companys building. When any employee passes through the security, the attacker follows the employee to skip to security or when then employee opens a security door, the attacker requests the employee to hold on to the door so that they can get the delivery boxes through them (Mouton et al. 2014). Rootkit It is fraudulent computer software or a simple program. It is created to give continuous authorized access to a particular computer and at the same time this program hides the existence of the computer (Tetri and Vuorinen 2013). Social networks Social networks are in trend these days. Almost everybody uses Websites like LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook today and their users are increasing day by day. These offer a great source to the users to remain in touch with each other. The dark side of social media is that the attackers or the spammers to get close to the victim use it. The social networks help the scammer to send fraudent mails to the victim. The attacker may ask the victim to click on a video or image which contain the malicious software (Krombholz et al. 2013). Analysis of the environment The First step taken by the attackers in the process of social engineering is creating an environment suitable for the theft. The social engineers to get the passwords and the data use a wide variety of ways. First of all, the attacker starts looking for the information which ca be used to penetrate the organization. The attacker approaches the employee who is supposed to have all the information related to the company. The attacker takes the form of a technician or a co-worker who can be easily trusted by the victim employee. There are certain other environments created by the attackers in order to get in touch with the victim. The ways are trawling the parking lot for goodies as the vehicles may contain security badges, smartphones, and confidential paperworks (Watson, Mason and Ackroyd 2014). The other method used is spending time with the victim in order to create a friendly relation and implementing the theft. Sometimes, it takes large amount if time to get familiar with the vic tim and get the information. If the attacker is impatient enough, he/she gets in acquaintance with the bar or public place which is visited most frequently by the victim. There, the attacker gets in touch with the victim and becomes familiar to him/her. The other technique used is visiting the company building often, thus becoming a familiar face, which can be trusted by the employees, and then implementing the theft (Kearney and Kruger 2014). The attacker can also create a hostile environment with the attacker and thus taking advantage of the employees trust. Hypotheses/approaches for addressing security threats There are many ways by which the social engineering attack can be recognized and prevented. Hackers use clever method to fool the employees and individuals (Beckers, Krautsevich and Yautsiukhin 2015). These attack mainly involve some type of psychological manipulation and fooling the employees. The tips to prevent attacks are- The confidential information of the employee must never be provided to anyone. The employee must never give their personal data credentials such as phone number or email address. These must be provided especially with unknown persons and suspicious sources. If the employee receives an email which has the link of an unknown site, the mail must be avoided by the employee. The person must look at the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and check whether it is suspicious. At times, the mail may seem to come from a known contact but still the employee must check the link for any phishing process involved in the mail. Before clicking on the mail, the misspells must b e checked such as @ signs and suspicious sub domains (Algarni et al. 2013). While clicking on the links, the person must take care of the uninitiated automated downloads as it can be malware piggybacking on the individuals system (Algarni and Xu 2013). Such activities must be reported immediately to the security manager of the organization. The USB devices must be blocked in order to reduce the risk of Baiting. The process of Baiting is the digital equivalent of a real-world Trojan horse where the attempt is done by the attacker in order to temp the user with found or free physical media. The attacker relies on the curiosity of the greed of victim (Applegate 2013. If the victim plugs in the USB to the system, the victim is hacked that particular moment. The organization must run a ATE-AWARENESS, TRAINING and EDUCATION security concept for all the employees. The C-level employees of the organization are most prone of becoming the victim and thus they must be made aware about all the situations and the methods to deal with them. 2-factor authentication must be used by the organization in order to ensure the safety of data in the organization. Full care must be taken to protect the data as the theft of data can pose great harm to the organization. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that social engineering attacks are increasing day by day in todays era. The attack is based totally on the interaction of human and it indulges humans in breaking down the security measures. The act of social engineering can also be said as the con game. The techniques involved in the procedure are appeal to vanity, appeal to legal greed and appeal to authority. There are many strategies, which the attacker adopts in order to manipulate peoples to get any type of confidential information. The information, which is given by the people willingly to the attacker is used for various illegal purposes. The data which the persons (criminals) doing these attacks are looking for may be different in each and every case. Whenever any person in particular is at target by the Social Engineering Criminals, then these criminals usually try to manipulate them into giving the passwords or the bank account details. The First step taken by the attackers i n the process of social engineering is creating an environment suitable for the theft. A wide variety of ways are used by the social engineers to get the passwords and the data. First of all, the attacker starts looking for the information which ca be used to penetrate the organization. The attacker approaches the employee who is supposed to have all the information related to the company. Proper care must be taken by the organization in order to save its data and remain secure from the attacks. References Algarni, A. and Xu, Y., 2013. Social engineering in social networking sites: Phase-based and source-based models.International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning,3(6), p.456. Algarni, A., Xu, Y., Chan, T. and Tian, Y.C., 2013, December. Social engineering in social networking sites: Affect-based model. InInternet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST), 2013 8th International Conference for(pp. 508-515). IEEE. Applegate, S.D., 2013. Social engineering: hacking the wetware!.Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective,18(1), pp.40-46. Beckers, K., Krautsevich, L. and Yautsiukhin, A., 2015. Analysis of social engineering threats with attack graphs. InData privacy management, autonomous spontaneous security, and security assurance(pp. 216-232). Springer International Publishing. Bierschenk, T., 2014. From the anthropology of development to the anthropology of global social engineering.Zeitschrift fr Ethnologie, pp.73-97. Bulle, J.W.H., Montoya, L., Pieters, W., Junger, M. and Hartel, P.H., 2015. The persuasion and security awareness experiment: reducing the success of social engineering attacks.Journal of experimental criminology,11(1), pp.97-115. Greitzer, F.L., Strozer, J.R., Cohen, S., Moore, A.P., Mundie, D. and Cowley, J., 2014, May. Analysis of unintentional insider threats deriving from social engineering exploits. InSecurity and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2014 IEEE(pp. 236-250). IEEE. Heartfield, R. and Loukas, G., 2016. A taxonomy of attacks and a survey of defence mechanisms for semantic social engineering attacks.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),48(3), p.37. Kearney, W.D. and Kruger, H.A., 2014, August. Considering the influence of human trust in practical social engineering exercises. InInformation Security for South Africa (ISSA), 2014(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Krombholz, K., Hobel, H., Huber, M. and Weippl, E., 2013, November. Social engineering attacks on the knowledge worker. InProceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks(pp. 28-35). ACM. Krombholz, K., Hobel, H., Huber, M. and Weippl, E., 2015. Advanced social engineering attacks.Journal of Information Security and applications,22, pp.113-122. Mouton, F., Malan, M.M., Leenen, L. and Venter, H.S., 2014, August. Social engineering attack framework. InInformation Security for South Africa (ISSA), 2014(pp. 1-9). IEEE. Tetri, P. and Vuorinen, J., 2013. Dissecting social engineering.Behaviour Information Technology,32(10), pp.1014-1023. Watson, G., Mason, A. and Ackroyd, R., 2014.Social engineering penetration testing: executing social engineering pen tests, assessments and defense. Syngress.

Slavery And The Founding Fathers Essay Research free essay sample

Bondage And The Establishing Fathers Essay, Research Paper When the issue of bondage and the Founding Father # 8217 ; s arise, it is clear that despite some of their baronial actions, the Establishing Fathers were so hypocritical to true American ideals in both action and in idea. Among the Establishing Fathers, Thomas Jefferson # 8217 ; s temperament on bondage was equivocal as he contradicted himself many times on an issue that affected America for 100s of old ages. Not merely did he demo hypocrisy, but besides a failing as a politician in boldly showing his positions and action upon what he feels is morally right. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery And The Founding Fathers Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In both Jefferson # 8217 ; s political life and his private life, many actions were clearly inauspicious to the # 8220 ; All work forces are created equal # 8221 ; line of the fundamental law. Most obvious is the fact that he owned more than 180 slaves, merely two of which were freed. As an important figure, a function theoretical account, these actions may hold had reverberations outside Jefferson # 8217 ; s family, but besides it shows his inability to make what is morally right. Second, as illustrated by William Cohen, # 8220 ; Jefferson held an intuitive belief in the lower status of the inkinesss, which he tried to cover up with an entreaty to science. # 8221 ; This is grounds that farther proves their dual criterion. In my sentiment, another illustration of the Fo unding Father’s lip service is their failure to move boldly towards abolishment, although they continued to keep that bondage was unfair and immoral. Some may reason that they Establishing Fathers merely wanted to maintain the Union united and prevent war, a point pressed by Freehling. However, I feel that abolishment is a cause worth contending for if all else fails, likewise the Establishing Fathers should hold been willing to contend for the American values of freedom, equality and autonomy, as they did in the American Revolution. However in order to understand the Establishing Fathers, both positive and negative facet of their character must be examined in order to make a full appreciation of who they were. As Freelhling explains, abolishment was a long-run procedure, and the Establishing Fathers took the necessary stairss for stoping bondage. Thomas Jefferson and the Establishing Fathers helped in the success of Northern abolishment, the passing of the Northwest Ordinance, and most significantly the terminal of the slave trade in 1807. However, I feel that no sum of positive action can sabotage the consequence the negative actions have on our perceptual experience of the Establishing Fathers, and anyone who claims that they are non dissemblers are making precisely that, they are leting the positive actions override the few negative actions.

First 15 minutes of Gladiator Essay Example

First 15 minutes of Gladiator Essay Example First 15 minutes of Gladiator Paper First 15 minutes of Gladiator Paper Themes The theme of the movie is introduced right from the beginning when the universal studio logo appears. It is turned into a sepia colour with the music very sad, to separate this movie from any comedy, horror and etc movie. Within the text at the beginning of the movie we as the audience understand that this is a historical movie based on true facts due to the fact that it says true facts about the Roman Empire in the 181AD. The music plays a big role in explaining to us the theme; it is a very sad music, showing sorrow within the film, this gives an idea of a tragic movie to the audience. : Language The language is expressed in English in both text and in oral in the first fifteen minutes of the movie. At the beginning the title is shown in large old Roman fonts followed by texts explaining the current situation on the roman empire (this is also in Roman font but much smaller) in 181AD to put the audience in the right state of mind on what the movie is going to be about and the genre of the movie. Within the text it explains many different aspects of the Roman Empire, mainly superiority a of the Romans but yet on the other hand it says a quarter of the worlds population lived and died under the roman rule therefore this brings the thought of death and cruelty to the audience. At the end of the text the audience is aware that something is going to happen to the Roman Empire because it mentions at the end that the Empire was at its rise. Then at the beginning of the first scene there is only one word which is written in text which is Germania to let the audience know where this scene is situated, on the other hand they could have just wrote Germany whereas Germania is a very roman word therefore it adds to the roman feeling and taste in the movie. Music The music is created by Hans Zimmer, it is very downhearted and melancholy all throughout the movie, it has a touch of Arabic tune in it, to add to the sad tune. It is more like dream music with winds at the background, but on the other hand for the war we have the very martial trumpet and drum song showing strength and power in the army. In this scene the music is a reflection o0n the actions in the movie, for example at the beginning the strings only start to play when the name gladiator appears, and another example is that the trumpets and rums get lauder as the camera goes further away from the scene. Target Audience This scene is based on a fighting scene but on the other hand it ahs an emotional touch to it through the music, therefore boys like wars and girls like emotional movies. On the other hand we have strong men fighting which is also in the interest of girls but we have to keep in mind that the language and the scene used is very much complex for a person under the age of 11/12 because not enough background information is there in the childs brain about the Roman Empire. So we get to the point that this movie is set for everybody above the age of about 13/14, it is an interest of everyone, and on the other hand tragic movies are in the interest of everyone as well specially for the old, due to the fact that many famous play writers such as Shakespeare wrote tragic plays. Camera The camera plays a very important role, because it is the eyes of the audience, in has many close ups and long shots in this scene. At the beginning it makes the audiences concentrate on maximums hand which the director wants to show to the audience that the person with that hand is devoted to his family but the fact that the camera is having a close up on the wedding ring, the camera also shows a wide view of the war which the director here wants to show the audience how organized and strong the Romans were, therefore the camera is probably paling one of the biggest roles in the movie due to the fact that the camera is the audiences eyes. Character The main character used in this story is shown in the first scene as a strong and loved general. And yet the audience know that this man is A GENERAL WHO BECOMES A SLAVE, THE SLAVE WHO BECOMES A GLADIATOR, THE GLADIATOR WHO DEFIED AN EMPIRE because it has been told before the movie starts. Therefore we know that this movie is a stereotype character movie because one mans takes revenge and suffers and struggles a lot in the movie, but yet he becomes a very strong influence in the Roman Empire. The characters are shown very distinctively, for example a bad character such as Comadus is shown pale with evil face, Marcus Aeurileus is shown as an old wise man with white beard. Sound Effect In this scene most things are shown in sound effects, such as the sound of the children playing, to show his devotion to the family, the sound of hissing of the winds hitting our ears showing the coldness and winter, the sound of the horses and the catapults being bulled gives the audience the feeling of an ancient war. Symbolism In this movie symbols were very much involved. Symbols such as robins to show winter, bad people wear black dirty and good people wear bright and clean , a ring is shown to show devotion to family, flowers are always shown to show emotions, in the wars the catapults were shown to show the technology of the roman empire and Comadus is shown with a baby face which symbolizes a child, not an emperor. Many different symbols have been used in this movie to give hints or ideas to the audience on what happens in the movie or what is happening in the movie.

Analytical Hierarchy Process Technology Process

Because people choose these three elements: importance, preference and likelihood to evaluate all the possible alternatives to a decision which sometimes is not consistent with every decision situation, the concept of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was developed by Dr. Thomas Saaty. Dr. Saaty described the AHP as a decision making approach based on the "innate human ability to make sound judgments about small problems" AHP transforms complex decision problems into simple decisions for both individuals and groups that employees the use of it to make decision. It is accommodative of intuition, compromise, and consensus structure without narrow-mindedness. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss what the AHP is and some other aspects of it. What is AHP? Saaty suggested AHP as a process that requires structuring the decision problem to demonstrate key elements and relationships that elicits judgments reflecting feelings or emotions, and whose judgments can be represented by meaningful numbers having ratio properties. In the AHP approach, complex decisions are organized and assessed against all possible alternatives using a hierarchy of multifaceted objectives allowing for a better, easier, and more efficient identification of selection criteria. How AHP works AHP is used to first decompose the decision problem into a hierarchy of easily comprehended sub-problems, each of which can be analyzed independently. The elements of the hierarchy can relate to any aspect of the decision problem tangible or intangible, estimated or carefully measured, well or poorly understood. Once that hierarchy is established, the decision maker systematically examines the various elements, comparing them to each other in pairs. In making the comparisons, the decision maker can use his/her judgments about the elements’ relative meaning and importance, or they can use well refined data about the elements. AHP converts the judgments to numerical values that are processed, evaluated and compared over the entire range of the decision problem. A numerical weight or priority vector is derived for each element of the hierarchy, allowing diverse and often incommensurable elements to be compared to one another in a rational and consistent way. This capability distinguishes AHP from other decision making techniques. At the end of the process, numerical priorities are derived for each of the decision alternatives. It is then a simple matter to pick the best alternative, or to rank them in order of relative preference.

Examine the factors which have influenced consumption over the past Essay

Examine the factors which have influenced consumption over the past three years in the UK. Has consumption been let get out of control - Essay Example If compared to the past, the consumption in UK could be characterized as rather increased; however, the whole situation cannot be referred as being out of control. It is rather an expected outcome especially if taking into consideration the development of technology and the changes in the social and cultural ethics across Britain – as a consequence of globalization and the entrance in the country of people with different social and cultural background; more specifically, Britain has become – mainly for professional but also for educational reasons - a favourable destination of people from developing countries but also of those belonging in member states – a phenomenon well developed after the enlargement of European Union. Under these terms, the characteristics of consumption in Britain could be expected to be influenced by many different factors especially the country’s social and cultural ethics while the culture of the people living across the country à ¢â‚¬â€œ this culture can be differentiated as explained above – is another important factor influencing the characteristics of consumption developed across the country. Of course, consumption is a multidimensional social phenomenon; apart from the factors mentioned above other factors – related with the individual’s personal perceptions – can also affect the rate of consumption through the years in a particular region. In UK which is a highly developed country consumption related with a series of social activities (travelling, entertainment, shopping) has been increased the last 3 years following the development of technology but also the improvement of the standard of living in all areas across the country. This increase reflects also the development of the national economy compared to the economies of other countries within the international community. In any case, the rates of consumption across

International financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International financial management - Essay Example spect to be kept in mind is that the only source of revenue generation for Temple Hill is from Guests and if there are any lacunae in this area it could affects future revenue and dips in profits. Since this project has a 35 % returns on investments it could be considered to be a safe one and its implementation could be further enhance by increasing the guests’ strength. By increasing the number of guests from 12 to 40, the net profit on Sales increases from 8% to 25.65 %. The future trend of profitability for this venture is also commendable. However, it needs to be studied that these illustrations assumes that the variable costs remains constant in the short period which may not always be the case. If any guest discontinues during the period it could further affect the profitability levels in the short run although it could be compensated by others in the long run, but this risk factor needs to be evaluated. Return on Common Equity, which is measured as the Return on Common Equity. In other words, this would display what proportion of the capital is being returned as profits to the investors. It is by far, the most important aspect of business, because the ultimate motive of business is the Returns to Investors/.Stakeholders. In this case we find the following: â‚ ¤ 6,946/â‚ ¤ 20000 or 34.73 %. Therefore it could be said that there is a a return of around 35% on this proposed venture. Normally the industry standard for ROE is around 15%. Therefore, it could be said that for the present moment, this seems to be a profitable venture which has financial viability. From the above it is found that Returns on Sales is 8.03 % which is much above the industry standard of 5 %. However, it is suggested that this Returns on Sales could be further improved by 1. Either increasing the Revenue or 2. By cutting costs. The fixed costs could not be reduced in the short run, since this is a trial measure for seeking the feasibility of this project. However, the major costs

The United Nations And Human Rights Essay Example for Free

The United Nations And Human Rights Essay The developments that immediately preceded the Second World War in field of state-relations irreversibly changed the landscape of the international communities.   The biggest development, if not the most significant, was the establishment of the United Nations.   This move to theoretically unite a war-ravaged world was ambitious and prone to many pitfalls.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the immediate developments that were ushered in by the creation of this supranational institution was the Human Rights Machinery. This significant progress came   â€Å"[a]fter centuries of inadequate, piecemeal efforts to protect citizens from abuse by their own governments, in 1946 the international community founded a global human rights institution.    The United Nations Commission on Human Rights became the first international body empowered to promote all the human rights of all the world’s peoples. The founders assumed that improved respect for human rights would help individuals and would also serve the United Nations’ primary peacekeeping gal by eliminating repressive practices which provoked war.†[1] The importance and legitimacy of the respect for Human Rights and the international promotion of it among the different nations of the world was further â€Å"highlighted in Chapter IX of the Charter dealing with international economic and social cooperation in terms of a pledge or commitment of all Member states.†[2]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like with many other issues in the political arena, there is a wide schism between the word and the act. â€Å"The contributions of the UN must neither be understated nor overstated.   The UN has been an intellectual pioneer in the issues of economic and social development, much more than is often recognized.   At the same time, there have often been omissions and distortions in its work.†[3] While the ideals proclaimed by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, through the different Conventions and texts are many, there is a vocal number of people that believe that the United Nations, together with the mentioned Commission is all rhetoric. In this, there is a â€Å"[s]trong tendency†¦to put blame for this unsatisfactory state of affairs on the United Nations and it is true that the Organization is in many respects inapt and ineffective in converting the theory of its own words into actual practice.   However, those circles who for good reasons criticize the United Nations would be well advised to do some more soul-searching as to their own direct or indirect share of complicity in bringing about and maintaining structures of injustice.†[4]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The human rights machinery refers to the different organs and procedures dealing directly with human rights in the United Nations system which includes: Intergovernmental organs established on the basis of the Charter of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the Commission on Human Rights. The commission on the Status of Women and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice also address human rights issues within their respective mandates; Bodies established by human rights treaties; Reporting, communications, and investigating procedures established by policy-making organs and treaty based bodies; the parts of the United Nations Secretariat responsible for human rights activities, especially the United Nation High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Division for the Advancement of Women and the centre for International Crime Prevention have also human rights responsibilities.   The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Decision for the Advancement of Women adopt joint work plans.[5]                  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Charter of the United Nations, with respect to Human Rights bridged the gap between human rightly established a close link between human rights and other world-wide concerns, viz. the maintenance of peace and the promotion of economic and social development.   (†¦) The United Nations played a dynamic role in strongly supporting the quest for independence of colonial countries and peoples was instrumental in terminating colonial domination and combating racial discrimination.   In no other area did the United National proclaim and defend human rights principles with so much vigour as in the fields of decolonization and racial discrimination.†[6]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is said to be three stages of differently focused activities that capture the essence of the Commission’s work in the domain of Human Rights: (1) Standard-Setting (2) Promotion (3) Protection.   These three stages are essential in analyzing the work, whether in a positive or negative light, of the Commission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Standard-setting stage started the inception of the body of the United Nations itself and lasted a decade after (1945-1955).   The most significant output of this stage, and perhaps one of the most significant in human history, was the articulation of the International Bill of Rights; and for this one must give credit to the Commission who was entrusted with this enormous task.   During the first decade, the Commission â€Å"spent most of its time on the elaboration of the draft international covenants and concluded its drafting work with respect to those instruments in the mid-fifties.†[7]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Despite adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, concern with and promotion of human rights as such often played little part in the UN’s early work on economic and social development.   The fulfilment of many economic and social rights was certainly implicit in UN concerns and actions for economic and social advance, but references to rights in this work were few and far between.    Moreover, political and civil and cultural rights mostly got forgotten or ignored in economic writing on development and were treated more as a matter of political and ideological debate in the U.N.   Indeed, in development discussions, the belief became popular that authoritarian regimes had some advantage and even some justification because of their ability to take the tough decisions requiredfor example, to raise the rate of savings in poor countries.   It was argued that more democratic leaders would find it difficult to take these hard decisions.†[8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was and is considered a huge achievement for the international community, the acceptance was not as ready, much like all the new ideas that come into the field, like gender mainstreaming. When a popular support for the ideas embodied in the Declaration did not appear on the horizons, the United Nations began a widespread promotional campaign, the second stage (19955-1965). â€Å"It was assumed that studies, advice and measures in the field of education and information would in the long run provide a more fruitful basis for enhancing the cause of human rights that the treaty-making process which was undertaken with the elaboration of the International Covenants.†[9]      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, this particular stage did not receive resounding success either.   The interest that was sparked was not proportionate to the resources of time, energy and money expended to undertake the promotional activities. â€Å"[T]hey failed to grasp the interest and the imagination of the United Nations membership and of the public at large.   Moreover, they were too far removed from the main political currents in the World Organization.   The human rights program was functioning in isolation and it seemed to lack the political relevance and for that matter the impetus which is needed for dynamic evolution.†[10]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apparently, the fact that â€Å"[i]t is one thing to draw up international standards, it is quite another thing to have those standards implemented†[11] began to painfully dawn on the Commission.   It must be said, however, that this unforeseen lack of support was entirely due to the incompetence of the United Nations in general and the Commission, in particular.   External factors of the current times have to be taken into consideration as well. Despite the end of the war, there was still prevalent â€Å"[d]istrust and tensions between nations and peoples, extreme disparities in economic and social conditions between and within nations, religious and ideological antagonism, persistent patterns of racial discrimination and class domination and numerous other factors, including selfishness of individual human beings, affect the realization of human rights with the various societies.   It should also be taken into account that any approach from the viewpoint of violations of human rights is, in the context of inter-State cooperation, a most precarious and delicate undertaking inasmuch as it focuses mostly on weaknesses and failures.†[12]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is undeniable, looking at the United Nations history, that the machinery met great difficulties in the human rights ideals across the world and to effectively integrate it into existing government practices.   Due to the few successes of the first two stages, the stage of protection started off with a bumpy ride and is subject to much criticism, which will discussed in the later paragraphs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the shaky two decades, it is undeniable that   â€Å"the Commission has contributed to the inadequate but nevertheless incremental growth of supranational authority capable of scrutinizing practices that had previously been exclusively within governments’ sovereign jurisdiction.†[13] The third stage, protection, came right after the standards were set and the same were promoted to the individuals and national governments.   The protection stage is actually the collection of events, still undergoing now, that enforces the standards by â€Å"responding to specific complaints against over seventy governments.   The process has increased the Commission’s visibility ad dramatically transformed its operation while exacerbating fundamental differences over whether political or economic, individual or collective rights deserve priority.†[14]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To guide the protection of the world’s population, the Commission refers to now only their shining accomplishment that was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights but other treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (1966), the Convention of the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. â€Å"There can be little doubt that the three greatest intellectual contributions of the United Nations have been human rights on a global scale†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [15]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the pioneering efforts of the Commission, those that have resulted in both failure and success, a large number of people are highly critical of the United Nations, in general and the Commission, in particular, citing inefficiency, redundancy and an overly-bureaucratic structure as primary reasons. â€Å"American critics have made the sharpest attacks, venting their greatest anger prior to 1980 and since then against the UN in general and the Assembly in particular.   The Commissions harshest critic claims that unfair procedures have been manipulated to subvert democratic governments and fundamental rights.   The Commission’s defenders lament it limited impact on government practice and propose a variety of structural reforms.†[16]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the biggest concerns aired by the Eastern bloc is the supposed prevalence of Western values embodied in the different Declaration and Treaties. â€Å"Judging by the time spent in drafting and the norms adopted, the Commission appears to have given higher priority to Western sponsored political and civil than to Third World initiated economic and social standards.† [17] Economic concerns were definitely more pressing in the third-world countries where starvation trumped political freedom any day. Although in its defense, the Declaration did have economic rights included in the text. However, many complain that while that is true,† [t]he Universal Declaration and the two covenants give nearly consideration to economic rights, but create more effective enforcement procedures for civil liberties. The conventions on race discrimination and apartheid affirm the rights of groups as well as individuals but give no special priority to economic concerns.   (†¦) The consensus decision-making procedure delayed and weakened the 1986 declaration on development. If any standard setting priority exists, the Commission has given the greatest attention to individual civil and political rights. Despite the strident rhetoric about balancing economic and political rights, the gross violations identified have involved considerably more political than economic injustice.   (†¦) Complaints about forced labour, particularly involving children, have not prompted a response unless the violation involved mass killing or another top priority.†[18]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assuming but not conceding that this prioritization were true, it must be said that such would be essential in the smooth running of an organization in order not to spread oneself too thin. This is particularly true for the United Nations because a   â€Å"society must establish value priorities about which rights to protect by law and which violations to punish most severely.   The international community is even more ideologically divided than its constituent members, therefore attempts to enforce universal human rights exacerbate fundamental political differences.†[19]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the popular criticisms of the United Nations Human Rights machinery, the most troubling would perhaps have to be the accusations of the employing double standards; standards that heavily favor Western aggression.   These complaints found legitimacy in the now-infamous UN inaction during the Rwandan genocide. Furthermore, the deafening silence on the part of the UN during the American military operations against Afghanistan and Iraq hit the UN credibility hard and many more joined the others in crying foul. â€Å"Some critics have concluded that politically motivated double standards, selective enforcement and disparate treatment totally discredit the Commission’s enforcement program.   When the Commission acts selectively, its exceptionally rare actions appear arbitrary and capricious.   While Commission supporters also complain that too many serious violation escape scrutiny, they favor imperfect enforcement to none at all.†[20]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the Commission was â€Å"ill-equipped to cope with the underlying military and economic causes of the worst human rights violations.   At best its measures temper and moderate the most extreme offenses.   Once the killing has begun, human rights remedies, like United Nations relief for refugees, merely alleviates symptoms.†[21]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With that said, a new chapter of Human Rights’ protection through the United Nations system was ushered with the extinction of the Commission of the Human Rights in 2006.   Its successor is dubbed the Human Rights Council.   This brings to the playing field a shift in the field of Human Rights and is significant in several aspects. First, it addresses the issue of a much-needed ‘face-lift’ for the image of the United Nations main machine of human rights.   The former Commission had its share of bad publicity and the creation of the Human Rights Council, even if will heavily base its action on those of its predecessors, makes the evolution in thinking and practice much more understandable by the general public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the Council ushers in a new era in which the Commission would have been hard-pressed to fit in.   This misfit can perhaps be attributed to the fact that the former Commission was created during a different international field, at a time when war was still a fresh memory.   In so many ways, the global community has progressed far beyond the nature of Post-World War II.   Therefore, this new change will hopefully reflect mandates that would be more faithful and effective in these current times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A cursory look at the working groups under the Human Rights Council shows that not all was changed, however, and rightly so.   The Council is still carrying out the standard-setting stage, which the Commission excelled at.   Under a standard-setting goal, the Council is currently looking into the expansion of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in order to more accurately portray the Human Rights’ needs of these rapidly changing times.   In addition to this potential expansion, there is also a working group under the auspices of the Human Rights Council that is currently drafting a legally binding instrument for the protection of all persons from enforced disappearances.   This latter on is merely a continuation of the Commission’s work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other working groups of the Human Rights Council do show that they are treading into new territory, which the Commission was criticized for not doing enough.   Under the working groups for special procedures, there are experts on People of African Descent, Arbitrary Detention and Mercenaries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is incredible potential for the Council to do great work in the field of human rights and it is not weighed down by decades of bad publicity.   Although it is too early in the game to call the outcome, this significant change in the United Nations framework will only be effective if the new Council learns from its predecessor’s mistakes in enforcement.   Although the textual and intellectual contribution of the Commission cannot be disputed, these contemporary times need more than non-binding conventions that do not seem to scare those militant with complete disregard for the sanctity and dignity of human life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being a watchdog of human rights in the world cannot be constrained to formulating conventions and treaties. This was where the Commission excelled at and the Council should build on them but concentrate on actual groundwork where they are needed, on the ground and not from some lofty and comfortable climate controlled environment in New York.   In many ways, this shows that the United Nations System has evolved with the times and the old complaints with the old machinery will slowly be forgotten.   This is a perfect time for any enormous changes within the United Nations system in that there is an actual change of face, literally, with the new Secretary-General; therefore any new victories will be counted as part of the new Council, even if it were heavily rooted in the Commission’s work. [1] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.xiii [2] Cassese, A. ed. (1979) UN Law: Fundamental Rights. van Boven, T., United Nations and Human Rights: A critical Appraisal. p.119 [3] Jolly, R. et.al. (2004) UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice. Indiana: United Nations Intellectual History Project Series. p.276 [4] Cassese, A. ed. (1979) UN Law: Fundamental Rights. van Boven, T., United Nations and Human Rights: A critical Appraisal. p.120 [5] Symonides, J., (2003) Human Rights: International Protection, Monitoring, Enforcement. UNESCO Publishing. p.5 [6] Cassese, A. ed. (1979) UN Law: Fundamental Rights. van Boven, T., United Nations and Human Rights: A critical Appraisal. p.120 [7] Cassese, A. ed. (1979) UN Law: Fundamental Rights. van Boven, T., United Nations and Human Rights: A critical Appraisal. p.121 [8] Jolly, R. et.al. (2004) UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice. Indiana: United Nations Intellectual History Project Series. p.8 [9] Cassese, A. ed. (1979) UN Law: Fundamental Rights. van Boven, T., United Nations and Human Rights: A critical Appraisal. p.122 [10] Cassese, A. ed. (1979) UN Law: Fundamental Rights. van Boven, T., United Nations and Human Rights: A critical Appraisal. p.122 [11] Cassese, A. ed. (1979) UN Law: Fundamental Rights. van Boven, T., United Nations and Human Rights: A critical Appraisal. p.125 [12] Cassese, A. ed. (1979) UN Law: Fundamental Rights. van Boven, T., United Nations and Human Rights: A critical Appraisal. p.125 [13] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.xiii [14] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.xiii [15] Jolly, R. et.al. (2004) UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice. Indiana: United Nations Intellectual History Project Series. p.276 [16] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.187 [17] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.193 [18] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.193 [19] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.194 [20] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.203 [21] Tolley, H., (1987). The UN Commission on Human Rights. London: Westview Press. p.220

The Individuals with Disability Education Act Policy Essay -- Politics

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is a supersession of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is a federal law which requires states and their school districts to provide individuals with disabilities a free and appropriate education. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. US Department Of Education (n.d.) The population that IDEA intends to effect is children between the ages of three and twenty one years of age who have a specific disability that has an adverse effect on the student’s performance. Children who qualify under IDEA are provided with services and accommodations individualized to meet their needs. IDEA entitles all children suspected of having some form of disability to an evaluation by a team and at no cost to the parents or guardians. If the child is determined to need special education and related services, an Individual Education Plan (IEP) is developed based on each child’s specific needs which are decided by both team and parents/guardians. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology (2008) Once covered under an IEP, the students with disabilities are re-evaluated at least every three years and their IEP’s is reviewed when a change in place occurs. This is most often annually as they go from grade to grade. IDEA recognizes autism, deaf-blindness, deafness, emotional disturbance, hearing impairment, other health impairment (i.e., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), specific learning disability, speech or language impairment, traumatic brain injury and visual impairment. An evaluation for services under I... ...EA: Policy Solutions to Improve US Special Education. Retrieved April 16, 2011, from http://www.brookings.edu/ DiNitto, D. M. (2011). Social Welfare: Politics and Public Policy (7th ed.). : Allyn & Bacon. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology (2008). Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from http://www.sage-ereference.com/educationalpsychology/Article_n139.html Lloyd, PhD, C. M., & Rosman, PhD, E. (2005). Infants and Young Children. Exploring Mental Health Outcomes for Low-income Mothers of Children with Special Needs: Implications for Policy and Practice, 18(3), 186-199. National Association of Social Workers (2008). Code of Ethics. Retrieved April 16, 2011, from http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/default.asp US Department Of Education (n.d.). Building the Legacy of IDEA. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from http://idea.ed.gov

Australia vs. China: An Economic Comparison Essay

Australia and China adopt very different economic systems in order to cater the best for their society. However, Australia’s economic system is more successful than China’s and, due to the writer’s right-wing value system, will be measured in terms of environmental efficiency, labour and entrepreneurial resource efficiency and the standard of living. The basic economic problem for any country is that resources are scarce while wants are infinite. This means that countries must decide what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce in the most efficient and equitable way possible. Australia and China both take different approaches to solving this economic problem, even though both can technically be classified as a mixed economy (Year 11 Economics, 2007). Australia approaches the problem from the perspective of ‘what is best for the individual’ however China believes in doing ‘what is best for the country’ (Year 11 Economics 2007). These ideals are more clearly shown in the importance of market forces to each country. Australia and China allow different degrees of market forces and government interference in order to best solve the basic economic problem. Australia allows a lot more market-based forces to determine what, how and for whom things are to be produced. This means that the competitiveness of the market combined with the need for profit allows Australia to have high quality products at competitive prices (Mixed Economies, 2007). However, market forces also determine for whom things are to be produced, which means people with little or no income can be forgotten and this is where the government interferes. The government works to protect the rights of workers so that they are not abused by large companies and tries to be more equitable by providing welfare to the disadvantaged (Mixed Economies, 2007). China believes in a lot more government interference due to its communist ideals. The government has the most control over what, how and for whom things are to be produced although market forces still play a huge part for the minority of Chinese people who have money. China tries to spread its wealth over its huge population however due to its numbers it is hard to keep track of and provide for its entire population (An Introduction to Economics, 2007). These ideals are both effective in theory however in practice Australia’s economic system is more equitable than China’s. Equity can be determined by two things; equity in comparison to the world and equity within their own country. This is measured with the global living standards and the safety net within the country. The safety net is made up of health, education and welfare; three essential things for each person to have in case they fall ill, have a low income or wish to be educated. The standard of living includes the safety net as well as life expectancy and economic growth and therefore determines equity amongst people in comparison to the rest of the world. This is measured with a single number called the Human Development Index (HDI). Australia ranks very highly in the HDI achieving 0.957 in 2005 making it third in the world (Hamel, 2006). In terms of a safety net, Australia provides free health, education and an efficient welfare program. The government uses programs like Medicare, Centrelink and public school facilities to provide lower income workers, the disabled and disadvantaged ‘a fair go’ (Australian Department of Health and Ageing, 2007). China still has a safety net but it is a very poor one. Health, education and welfare are provided but they are not up to the standards of Australia. In fact, these services do very little to help its incredibly large population. This results in a very low HDI of 0.768, making it 81st in the world (Hamel, 2006) Therefore, as Australia has a more effective safety net and a higher HDI, Australia has a more successful economic system in terms of equity. Australia is also able to use its environmental resources more efficiently than China. Environmental efficiency can be determined by power distribution, the resources used and the social costs. Australia’s power distribution is very effective with very few blackouts and 24 hour assistance in case of emergencies (Metcalfe, 2007). Like any other country, Australia has environmental issues however it is trying to become more environmentally friendly and efficient. Australia is building more infrastructure and becoming more environmentally friendly. China on the other hand does not have effective energy distribution. Blackouts are a common thing in China due to the overwhelming demand for energy (Xinzhang, 2007). Right now China faces the problem that there is not enough  transmission capacity to provide additional supplies which results in poor distribution. Coal is the main resource used for energy supply in China by a staggering 63.4% compared to 6.9% hydroelectricity (China Today, 2005). Coal use in Australia is significantly less than this with only 42% of its energy source being coal (Metcalfe, 2007). China has overwhelming carbon dioxide emissions, so overwhelming that China is accountable for 15% of the world’s emissions (World Fact book, 2007). This has very negative social costs with acid rain being a frequent problem for China. 5% of China’s GDP is spent on trying to fix the social costs of pollution (China Today, 2007). Not only is this not statically efficient, but it is not dynamically efficient either. Therefore, even though both countries have environmental issues, Australia is able to provide a better power supply with less social costs and so its economic system is more environmentally efficient than China’s. As well as environmental efficiency, Australia’s economic system uses its labour and entrepreneurial resources more efficiently than China. The effectiveness of labour and entrepreneurial resources can be measured by unemployment and the degree of allowance of privately owned businesses. Australia had an unemployment rate of 5.6% in 2004 and a 4.9% unemployment rate in 2006 (ABS, 2006). This shows unemployment decreasing and more people entering the workforce. This increase in workforce allows more resources to be given to the business sector and therefore speeds up the economy. As well as this, Australia allows more private businesses than China. In 2004, there were over 3 million privately owned businesses in Australia (ABS, 2004). Not only does this create employment but it promotes consumer sovereignty, giving consumers competitive prices and choice between products. The government only interferes in the case of market failure i.e. national defence and public schools. This is to ensure that the needs of the country are met and to try and create equity amongst those who cannot afford the necessities. Therefore, Australia uses its workforce and entrepreneurial resources more efficiently. China however had a 9.9% unemployment rate in 2004 which shows that a lot of labour is not being used effectively (World Tax Inc, 2007). For many of the people who are employed, they are underpaid and overworked which can lead to poor goods and is not very equitable. Also, China does not utilise its entrepreneurial resources as well as Australia  does. Private business is increasing in China but the state-owned and collective enterprises still out number them significantly. In 2004, China’s first economic census showed that private enterprise had gone up 49% while state-owned enterprise had gone down 48% (Xinhua News Agency, 2005). The government still rules the majority of business which does not promote competitive quality or give people a choice of goods. The government often interferes even in cases where there is no market failure and unfortunately what consumers demand may not necessarily be acknowledged and supplied by the government. Therefore, due to better employment rates and better use of entrepreneurial resources, Australia’s economic system is more successful than China’s. An effective safety net, high standard of living, environmental efficiency and an efficient workforce are key components in any successful economic system. Australia manages to maintain these components making its economic system highly successful. China on the other hand is still developing and trying to improve these components. It is almost unfair to compare the two as they are at different stages of economic growth. Perhaps in years to come China will become more efficient and equitable and be able to compete with the best economic systems in the world. For now, Australia’s economic system is more successful than China’s and only time will tell as to whether it will stay that way. Bibliography Hamel, J.(2006): Human Development Report 2006. http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/Xinzhang, L. (2007): City Faces Prospect of Electricity Blackouts. http://www.zoomchina.com.cn/content/view/25880/138/Metcalfe, L. (2007): Nation Master: Energy Facts. http://www.nationmaster.com/country/as-australia/ene-energyCIA World Factbook (2007)https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.htmlAustralian Government: Department of Health and Ageing (2007)http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/HomeAustr alian Beaureau of Statistics (2007)http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/Home?opendocumentChina Today (2005)http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Jan/117227.htmXinhua News Agency (2005): China Publishes Results of 1st National Economic Censushttp://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Dec/151159.htmWorld Tax Inc (2007): China’s Unemployment Rateshttp://www.worldwide-tax.com/china/chi_unemployment.aspMarland, G., T.A. Boden, and R.J. Andres(2006): Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_prc.htmHandouts-Year 11 Economics (2007): Tim Riley Publications. -Unit 43: Mixed Economies (2007)-The Market Economy: How Economies Differ (2006)-Introduction To Economics: Chapter 1

Bullying & media

Our society functions under the assumption that certain individuals are more powerful than the others, thus, we have the play of powers in every human social interaction. The social strata of our country is an example that some individuals are more powerful than the rest. However power can either be a boon or bane to society depending upon how a person exercises his power. Thus we have come to conclude that power is good when it is used for the benefit of many (deontology) and it becomes bad when it is used to suppress the rights of others or to render harm to those who can’t oppose it.In schools where students are viewed as individuals of the same status, there are some who exhibit bullying as a way to show authority. This may include intentional physical assault, verbal abuse and other means that causes harm to others. It has become a phenomenon in schools around the world and may cause stress, fatigue, trauma, injury and etc (Einarsen, et. al. 2002). The media has helped to highlight such misdemeanor and much information has been disseminated for the benefit of the parents, schools and social workers.Some schools have made programs to identify the bully and the victim for them to provide counseling sessions for the bully and personality development for the victim. These anti-bullying policies were designed to teach bullies of conflict resolution, negotiation skills, and impulse control the victims were given support and protection. Though this program generally aims to stop bullying, an article written by Robin Grille tells us that these program simply punish the bullies and fails to address the root cause of the problem.Since the program segregates the bully and the bullied, we discriminate on the bully as though he was the root cause of the problem. We blame him for the trouble when in fact there is a gargantuan of factors that should be considered before pointing the finger at the bully. Perhaps an understated fact in our plight to address bullying is that there are certain factors that affect the behavior of all human beings. In the case of bullies, studies show that those who come from authoritarian parenting which often entails spanking and closed doors for explanation and negotiation either becomes the bully or the bullied (Baldry, 1998).This is because children’s differ in the way they react to environments wherein they are subjected to pain or rendered powerless. Studies show that only 43% of hospitalized children due to parental abuse consider themselves as abused children (Berger. Et al. 1998). The rest thinks that they deserve the punishment; in turn they simply try not to commit the same mistake again. To elucidate on that matter, children who thinks that the physical harm that they received was a worthy punishment for their wrongs has tendencies to be bullied or to become the bully.If a parent spanks a child for every wrong that he has done, he would think that for him to correct the wrong doings of others i t is acceptable for him to physically hurt other too for them to learn their lesson. As a consequence, those who become the victims or the bullied may think that they deserve being bullied because they aren’t strong enough or they did not do something right. Thus, they begin to justify bullying simply because their parents bully them in their households. It is then evident that the bully and the victim aren’t the only ones to be blamed for such behavior.The environment in the household which is dominated by the parents has much to play in the bullying phenomenon. Researches shows that those who admit that they were physically abused by their parents and openly protest against the act has lesser chances of tolerating cruelties. Since these children already have the concept of the wrongness of the act, they won’t tolerate being bullied or to bully other children (Berger. Et al. 1998). Psychology dictates that children imitate adults especially their parents. The m ost basic example of imitation is how parents teach their children how to speak.First words such as mommy and daddy are to be repeated by adults over and over for the child to copy. Same goes with other skills such as walking, eating and etcetera. Thus, children learn from society by imitating. If a child is exposed in an environment that tolerates violence then the child will in turn learn how to be violent and considers it as a norm (Strassman, 2007). A bully or the victim is an indication that the family in which they came from tolerates bullying or similar forms of abuse, punishment, and cruelties.Furthermore, in a book written by Gayle Macklem it is said that household environment strongly affects a child’s behavior since this is where he first imitates his social skills. Simple teasing which can be a form of bullying often occurs at home as older sisters and brother or even the parents themselves. Teasing mostly happens at school and study shows that 39% of students in the 2nd grade admit that they respond in a hostile manner when they are teased (Macklem, 2003).Simple form of teasing between brothers can be resolved by parents easily but those who use authoritarian parenting often use power to stop teasing without even discussing the root cause of the problem. This is effective in preventing physical harm, however this does not stop the cause of the problem and similar teasing would eventually occur. The best way that parents should do is to discuss the cause and let their children speak their minds without the use of verbal abuse. This can lead to a resolution and will then teach children how to settle conflicts in peaceful means.However, since parents today have lesser time for their children given that both have to work to support the family, most parents don’t have the time to discuss with their children the importance of settling their fight. Perhaps the worst thing that parents do is to further instigate a fight by heating up the tea sing between siblings. Families belonging to the lower class or those who live in areas that where violence is high often view teasing as entertainment and a harmless act between sibling. This can be true however; teasing can often render emotional stress to children.They either seek for vengeance or become meek and withdraw from the world. With teasing as the most basic example of how a bully is shaped in the household, it is evident that parental intervention is needed. Thus we come into a conclusion that bullies are simply children who where also bullied at home. This further supports the argument of Robin Grille that bullies should not be the ones to be blamed for their behavior hence, it’s the parents ho are to be blamed. For a school program against bullying to work, it is important that we address the main cause of the issue and not just the after effects.Sure we can teach the bully how to handle stress and other skills to resolve conflicts in means that do not include physical injury and verbal abuse, but this is not the best way to resolve the problem. Since the cause of bullying is rooted at home, we should look into the families and perhaps try to address the problem from the source. It is best for schools to include parents in the counseling sessions to address bullying at home rather than waste their efforts in transforming the bully into a harmless individual which will eventually become futile since we send the child back to the environment that shapes bullies.If we really want to address bullying then we must go to the root cause, and in that case, it is the family upon which the emotions of the child is first molded. Perhaps in this way we can directly pinpoint the source of the emotional distress in the child and the family. However one setback of this is that the school may find it difficult to contact parents and make them come to school for a scheduled interview. This is a tedious process and may require ample amount of time to prop erly get to the root cause.However if this country is really determined to stop bullying then these measures should be undertaken to make sure that school environments are safe for their children. This would in turn foster proper learning and better social skills for their children. Since society now place much value on emotional intelligence, we must make sure that our children is emotionally stable and that should start at home with their parents as the role models. Reference Baldry, AC & Farrington DP (1998) Parenting Influences on Bullying and Victimisation Journal of Legal and Criminological Psychology Vol 3(2) pp.237-254 Berger, A. et al (1988) The Self-Report of Punitive Childhood Experiences of Young Adults and Adolescents Child Abuse and Neglect Vol 12 pp. 251-262 Einarsen, S. et. al. (2002) Bullying an Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. London Strassman, J. (2007). How to Defuse Aggressive Behavior in Kids. Date accessed November 28, 2007. http://www. parenthood. com/articl es. html? article_id=3833 Macklem, G. L. (2003) Bullying and Teasing: Social Power in child

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